BLOOD.PRORETIES.FUNCTION

What is blood? Give the composition properties and function.

Ans; Blood is specialized fluid connective tissue in which there is liquid intercellular substance, plasma and formed elements (RBC,WBC,platelets ) suspended in the plasma which circulate in close system of blood vessels, it thick red and slightly alkaline.

          Composition of blood;

A.    Cellular substance: 45% (41%-46%)

1.      Erythrocytes or RBC

2.      Leucocytes    or WBC

3.      Thrombocytes or platelets

                

B.     Plasma :55% (55%-58%)

1.      Liquid substance –(91-92)%

2.      Solid substance   (8-9)%

*Inorganic substance;

                                 Sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, Zink , Magnesium,  phosphorus,                                                                                                                                    

                                 Copper etc.

*Organic substance; 7.5%

                                a. Protein : serum albumin, serum globulin, Fibrinogen, prothombin

                                b. Non protein:  Urea, Uric acid, xanthenes, Hypo xanthenes,                      

                                                            amino acid, creatine.

                           c. Fats;     Nutral fat, phospholipids,  cholesterol, cholesterides,

                                

                                d. Carbohydrate: glucose, sucrose etc.

                                

                                e. Other substance : internal secretion, anti-body, and other                    

                                                                     various enzymes .

                              

                               f. Coloring matters: yellow colors of plasma is due to small             

                                                                   amount of  bilirubin

 Properties of Blood :

                        

                                                       1.Blood volume : 5-6 liters.

                              

                                                       2.Normal reaction : Slightly alkaline.PH 7.36 to 7.45

       

3.      Viscosity : 4.5 times more viscous then water.

4.      Taste : Salty.

5.      colour : Red.

                           

                                 

Function of Blood:

1.      It transports respiratory gasses and nutrients, ( RBC)

2.      It acts as vehicles: Hormones, enzymes, vitamins, and other chemical are brought their places of activity through blood stream.

3.      It regulates body temperature.

4.      It regulates water and electrolytic balance.

5.      It maintains acid base balance.

6.      Defensive function :

a)      WBC is phagocyte properties engulf bacteria

b)      It develops antibody which combat toxic agent   

                                             7.  Excretory function: The metabolic end products and other                 

                                                   east products are carried by blood to the organ exertion      

                                                    with kidney .

                                            8.  Regulation of blood pressure : It regulates blood pressur

                                                     by changing volume and viscosity of blood.

                                             9.  It maintains colloidal osmotic pressure – By the action of   

                                                    plasma proteins .

                                            10. Prevent hemorrhage:  By the process of coagulation it   

                                                    prevent hemorrhage.

                                                                      Md. Jakir hossain

                                                               BHMS ( Dhaka Univesity)

                                                               MOB:  01936438687.

                                                                           01674555844.

                                                               Email; jakir78697@yahoo.com

                                                               Web : www.amarhomoeopathy.blogspot.com

Cardiac Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Structurally, cardiac muscle, also known as myocardium, has a striated appearance due to the arrangement of fibers that allow for muscle contractions. The myocardium is a very aerobic muscle and depends heavily on an uninterrupted blood supply to deliver oxygen to the heart muscle. As described by Dr. Kathryn Lewis in "Sensible ECG Analysis," the cells of the heart muscle have unique properties that allow the heart to function as a distinctive system. These myocardial cells, called cardiomyocytes, have the characteristics of automaticity, conductivity, contractility and excitability. The first two characteristics are unique to cardiac muscle, whereas the latter two are common to other muscle types.

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Automaticity

Automaticity is a characteristic unique to cardiac muscle and refers to the heart's ability to generate its own signal to contract. Rather than receiving input from the central nervous system, at rest the heart relies on pacemaker cells located in the right upper chamber to spontaneously generate electrical signals, which lead to the rhythmic contractions known as heartbeats. The rate of the heartbeat is based on how long it takes the pacemaker cells to fire, reset and fire again. Interestingly, these pacemaker cells function in such as a way as to prevent the heart from holding a contraction for a long period of time. If the heart muscle were to sustain a contraction for a long period, it would not be able to adequately deliver blood and nutrients to the rest of the body. The inability of the myocardium to hold a contraction, or continuously fire without resetting, is a protective mechanism built into pacemaker cells.

Conductivity

In order to transmit the electrical signal that is generated in the upper right quadrant of the heart to the rest of the myocardium, the muscle fibers must be able to conduct electricity. Cardiac muscle has the ability to pass the electrical signal from one fiber to the next until it has spread throughout the entirety of the heart. Once each fiber has been given the signal, the heart will contract as a whole. Contracting in this fashion allows for a significant amount of force to be generated by the two lower chambers of the heart, which will allow blood to be delivered to the lungs and throughout the whole body. Without conductivity, each muscle fiber would need to have its own pacemaker and would likely disrupt the synchronicity, rhythm and efficiency of myocardial contractions.

Contractility

Contractility is the ability of the heart to generate tension, or produce force, in order to eject blood from the heart. It is, in essence, the physical expression of the electrical signals initiated by the pacemaker cells and passed throughout the heart muscle. The text "Cardiovascular Physiology" describes the mechanisms by which the amount of force generated by the heart can be regulated by a variety of factors such as the amount of blood that fills up the chambers of the heart and signals, such as norepinephrine, released from nerve endings. Both factors will increase the strength of cardiac contractions and allow for greater force production.

Excitability

Although cardiac muscle can generate its own electrical signal, the pacemaker cells fire at a very steady rate. Because of this, any increases in heart rate have to be governed by an external stimulus. The heart's ability to respond to an additional stimulus and change its rate of contraction is known as excitability. Just as norepinephrine increases the contractility of the heart, it also increases the rate of contraction of the heart muscle. The characteristic of excitability is vital in allowing the body to more rapidly deliver adequate amounts of oxygen and nutrients in times of physical stress, such as during exercise.

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Read more: http://www.livestrong.com/article/137066-characteristics-cardiac-muscle/#ixzz3Hnc3wreG

Difference between general bio-chemistry and Schussler biochemicmistry remedy.

Difference between general bio-chemistry and Schussler biochemicmistry remedy.

Answer:

   The difference between general bio-chemistry and Dr. Schussler bio-chemistry are given bellow:

Points	General bio-chemistry	Dr. Schussler’s biochemistry
Parts	It is a part of the general chemistry.	It is a part of the general bio-chemistry.
Time	It is relatively a young branch of science.	It is relatively a young method of medical science.
Composition	It deals with about water, organic components, inorganic compounds and gasses present in living matter.	It deals with about inorganic salts especially about the 12inorganic salts of human tissue.
Contents	It deals with the plant and animal bio-chemistry.	It deals with human bio-chemistry.
Process	It deals with the bio-chemical process of living organism.	It deals with the bio-chemical process related with 12inorganic salts of human body.
Causes	Pathological bio-chemistry discuss about the causes of plants and animals.	Dr. Schussler’s bio-chemistry discuss about the causes of diseases of human body.
Disease	It thinks that diseases are produced by insufficient sufficient of nutrition  cell and tissue.	It thinks that disease are produced by deficiency of 12inorganic salts of human body.
Cure	General bio-chemistry also described that disease can be cure by sufficient supply of nutritional substances to the plants and animal.	Dr. Schussler biochemistry described that diseases can be cure by removing deficiency of the 12inorganic salts of human beings with the corresponding salt applied in potentized and minor from.

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ANATOMY Stomach:

 

Stomach:

The stomach is the portion of the digestive system most responsible for breaking down food. The lower esophageal sphincter at the top of the stomach regulates food passing from the esophagus into the stomach, and prevents the contents of the stomach from reentering the esophagus. The pyloric sphincter at the bottom of the stomach governs the passage of food out of the stomach into the small intestine.

• Reviewed last on: 9/4/2008
• Sean O. Stitham, MD, private practice in Internal Medicine, Seattle, Washington; and James R. Mason, MD, Oncologist, Director, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program and Stem Cell Processing Lab, Scripps Clinic, Torrey Pines, California. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

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