anatomy viva

                                Anatomy viva

1)    Describe the pericardium

Ans: It is a fibro – serous sac which enclose the heart and root of the great vessals except inferior vena cava

Layers :

1)      outer fibrous pericardium

2)      inner serous pericardium.

Function of pericardium –

1.      it covers the heart and maintain the position of heart .

2.      it protects heart from external injury.

2) Major opening of the diaphragm

         Ans: Aortic opening:-

a.       Vertebral label – at the label of the lower border of the 12^th thoracic vertebra.

b.      stricture passing –

1.      Abdominal Aorta.

2.      Thoracic duct.

3.      Azygos and hemiagzygos vein.

2Esophageal opening-

a.       vertebral label- At the label of 10^th thoracic vertebra.

b.       Strictures passing-

1.      esophagus. 

2.      Anterior and posterior vagal trunks.

3.      Oesophageal branches of left gastric artery.

               3.Vana cava opening –

                                                   a. vertebral lable – At the lable of the intervartebral disc ,                            

                                                                              T8 T9 thoracic vertebra

                                                   b.Stracture passing –

                                                                                 1. inferior vana cava.

                                                                                 2. some branches of right phrenic            

                                                                                       Nerve

Name of the parts of stomach . & blood supply.

           Ans- There are two parts of stomach-

1.      cardiac parts.

2.      pyloric parts.

                    Cardiac parts-

a.       Fondues of the stomach

b.      Body of the stomach.

                    Pyloric parts-

a.       pyloric canal.

b.      Pyloric antrum.

      Blood supply of the stomach-

a.       short gastric artery.

b.      Right gastric – epiploic artery

c.       Left gastro – epiploic artery .

d.      Right gastric artery

e.       Left gastric artery.

3.Describe gall bladder

             The gall bladder is a pear shaped, bile reserver, it is situated in the right hypochondriac region and inner surface of the right lobe of the liver .

                  Parts of gall bladder-

A.    Fundus .

B.     Body &

C.     Nack.

Function of the gall bladder –

a.       it reserve bile.

b.      It secreted in bile.

c.       It absorbs water from bile.

d.      It absorbs in organic salt

e.       It secreted cholesterol and mucous.

4. What are the structures enter and emerge through the hilus of kidney ?

         Ans : Enter

a.       Renal artery

b.      Nerve plexus.

c.       Capsule

                    Emerge-

a.       Renal vein

b.      Pelvis of the urethra

c.       Lymph vessels.

                 

                                       

                  

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Architect Munzaharul islam : The Doyen of Bangladesh architecture ( A personal perspective)

By architect Tanwir Newaz

Architect Munzharul islam was a man of vision multi talents. He a man of discipline . he was also a man of high personal integrity , though that was not exceptional for man of his generation . There were many people I know of that generation that of varying accomplishment who were men of very high integrity. What sets him apart was that though the present generation knows him primarily as the pioneer bangalee architect of Pakistan and Bangladesh, he was much more than that, I had the privilege of knowing him for more than sixty years from 1950 to his recent passing. I have seen him as an elder, a contemporary of my father’s generation, and studies under him as an architectural student, worked with him on a number of projects as an architect , established the department of architecture, government of Bangladesh with his assistance and seen the artistic and humanitarian side of the man at close proximity. I have also seen the changes in his architectural styles over decades. It has been a privilege . He belongs to the elite contemporaries of that generation,  some of whom includes the likes of artist jainal abedin , ustad  ( captain) aminur Rahoman . all pretty much pioneers in their fields, art, Music, Flying  and architecture . they were renaissance men of Bengal and Bangladesh

My memories of  Architect Munzaharul islam go back to 1950, when i was only six years . we living in 10 K. M das lane near wari. Sher e bangla AK Fazlul haq used to live close by in 1, K M das lane. Faizul haq and I are contemporary and used to be friends at the time. I used to sometimes wake up late in the night to the sound of flute and classical music coming from our living room. The students of my father, late ustad aminur rahman were playing and practicing music late into the night. We had at the time of partition moved from Calcutta to Dhaka in September of 1947 . my father the first and a long standing disciple of pundit panalal  Gosh and disciple of binkar ustad  dabir khan, was a classical musician and flute par excellence and was one of the first grade a artist of Radio Pakistan, Dhaka . besides , playing in the radio, he had taken a few disciples to impart training in classical music and flute playing. He also enrolled in the first flying club in Dhaka to learn flying and eventually emerged as the first civilian pilot to come out of Pakistan . my father came to be known as captain aminur rahman. He was a close friend of silpacharya  jainul abedin and came to know each other in the mid nineteen forties and their friendship continued till the death of silpacharya .

Mr.Muzharul islam was cousin of Mr. Abdullah, one of the disciples of my father and often used accompany him and sit in the musical practice session was very frequent . This was in 1950 and 1951 . his love of music, particularly of classical music remained throughout his life and was brought in touch with my father again and later through him with other eminent musicians such as dhrupadia ustad zahiruddin khan dagar and ustad Faiazuddin khan dagar in the mid 1980 in contact with theses musical maestros, Mr Muzaharul islam become an enthusiast of dhrupad classicalmusic in the late 1950 our paths crossed again. We had moved into gulfishan on baily road . by this time my father was chif pilot of government of east Pakistan. He had also flown bangabandhu and husein saheed shurawardy all over Bangladesh in the mid fifties. Mr manzaharul islam was now senior architect with rhe C & B Department of government east Pakistan . Mr Raymond McConnell was the chif architect at the time. This department as I remember was responsible for the most of the public civil works in Dhaka . mr munzurul islam had three children , Rafiqul Munzhar islam, Tanveer (Tanna) Muzaharul islam  and dalia Muzaharul islam . in the same compound of gulfishan, kahkeshan and ahsain were a number of other families including famous orthopedic surgeon professor Dr. K S alam < surgeon Prof . Dr. asiruddin , and civil servant Mr .ghaisuddin ahmed. The children of all these familes though of varying ages 

BLOOD.PRORETIES.FUNCTION

What is blood? Give the composition properties and function.

Ans; Blood is specialized fluid connective tissue in which there is liquid intercellular substance, plasma and formed elements (RBC,WBC,platelets ) suspended in the plasma which circulate in close system of blood vessels, it thick red and slightly alkaline.

          Composition of blood;

A.    Cellular substance: 45% (41%-46%)

1.      Erythrocytes or RBC

2.      Leucocytes    or WBC

3.      Thrombocytes or platelets

                

B.     Plasma :55% (55%-58%)

1.      Liquid substance –(91-92)%

2.      Solid substance   (8-9)%

*Inorganic substance;

                                 Sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, Zink , Magnesium,  phosphorus,                                                                                                                                    

                                 Copper etc.

*Organic substance; 7.5%

                                a. Protein : serum albumin, serum globulin, Fibrinogen, prothombin

                                b. Non protein:  Urea, Uric acid, xanthenes, Hypo xanthenes,                      

                                                            amino acid, creatine.

                           c. Fats;     Nutral fat, phospholipids,  cholesterol, cholesterides,

                                

                                d. Carbohydrate: glucose, sucrose etc.

                                

                                e. Other substance : internal secretion, anti-body, and other                    

                                                                     various enzymes .

                              

                               f. Coloring matters: yellow colors of plasma is due to small             

                                                                   amount of  bilirubin

 Properties of Blood :

                        

                                                       1.Blood volume : 5-6 liters.

                              

                                                       2.Normal reaction : Slightly alkaline.PH 7.36 to 7.45

       

3.      Viscosity : 4.5 times more viscous then water.

4.      Taste : Salty.

5.      colour : Red.

                           

                                 

Function of Blood:

1.      It transports respiratory gasses and nutrients, ( RBC)

2.      It acts as vehicles: Hormones, enzymes, vitamins, and other chemical are brought their places of activity through blood stream.

3.      It regulates body temperature.

4.      It regulates water and electrolytic balance.

5.      It maintains acid base balance.

6.      Defensive function :

a)      WBC is phagocyte properties engulf bacteria

b)      It develops antibody which combat toxic agent   

                                             7.  Excretory function: The metabolic end products and other                 

                                                   east products are carried by blood to the organ exertion      

                                                    with kidney .

                                            8.  Regulation of blood pressure : It regulates blood pressur

                                                     by changing volume and viscosity of blood.

                                             9.  It maintains colloidal osmotic pressure – By the action of   

                                                    plasma proteins .

                                            10. Prevent hemorrhage:  By the process of coagulation it   

                                                    prevent hemorrhage.

                                                                      Md. Jakir hossain

                                                               BHMS ( Dhaka Univesity)

                                                               MOB:  01936438687.

                                                                           01674555844.

                                                               Email; jakir78697@yahoo.com

                                                               Web : www.amarhomoeopathy.blogspot.com

Cardiac Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Structurally, cardiac muscle, also known as myocardium, has a striated appearance due to the arrangement of fibers that allow for muscle contractions. The myocardium is a very aerobic muscle and depends heavily on an uninterrupted blood supply to deliver oxygen to the heart muscle. As described by Dr. Kathryn Lewis in "Sensible ECG Analysis," the cells of the heart muscle have unique properties that allow the heart to function as a distinctive system. These myocardial cells, called cardiomyocytes, have the characteristics of automaticity, conductivity, contractility and excitability. The first two characteristics are unique to cardiac muscle, whereas the latter two are common to other muscle types.

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Automaticity

Automaticity is a characteristic unique to cardiac muscle and refers to the heart's ability to generate its own signal to contract. Rather than receiving input from the central nervous system, at rest the heart relies on pacemaker cells located in the right upper chamber to spontaneously generate electrical signals, which lead to the rhythmic contractions known as heartbeats. The rate of the heartbeat is based on how long it takes the pacemaker cells to fire, reset and fire again. Interestingly, these pacemaker cells function in such as a way as to prevent the heart from holding a contraction for a long period of time. If the heart muscle were to sustain a contraction for a long period, it would not be able to adequately deliver blood and nutrients to the rest of the body. The inability of the myocardium to hold a contraction, or continuously fire without resetting, is a protective mechanism built into pacemaker cells.

Conductivity

In order to transmit the electrical signal that is generated in the upper right quadrant of the heart to the rest of the myocardium, the muscle fibers must be able to conduct electricity. Cardiac muscle has the ability to pass the electrical signal from one fiber to the next until it has spread throughout the entirety of the heart. Once each fiber has been given the signal, the heart will contract as a whole. Contracting in this fashion allows for a significant amount of force to be generated by the two lower chambers of the heart, which will allow blood to be delivered to the lungs and throughout the whole body. Without conductivity, each muscle fiber would need to have its own pacemaker and would likely disrupt the synchronicity, rhythm and efficiency of myocardial contractions.

Contractility

Contractility is the ability of the heart to generate tension, or produce force, in order to eject blood from the heart. It is, in essence, the physical expression of the electrical signals initiated by the pacemaker cells and passed throughout the heart muscle. The text "Cardiovascular Physiology" describes the mechanisms by which the amount of force generated by the heart can be regulated by a variety of factors such as the amount of blood that fills up the chambers of the heart and signals, such as norepinephrine, released from nerve endings. Both factors will increase the strength of cardiac contractions and allow for greater force production.

Excitability

Although cardiac muscle can generate its own electrical signal, the pacemaker cells fire at a very steady rate. Because of this, any increases in heart rate have to be governed by an external stimulus. The heart's ability to respond to an additional stimulus and change its rate of contraction is known as excitability. Just as norepinephrine increases the contractility of the heart, it also increases the rate of contraction of the heart muscle. The characteristic of excitability is vital in allowing the body to more rapidly deliver adequate amounts of oxygen and nutrients in times of physical stress, such as during exercise.

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Read more: http://www.livestrong.com/article/137066-characteristics-cardiac-muscle/#ixzz3Hnc3wreG